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Water-sensitive urban design
Water-sensitive urban design (WSUD) is a land planning and engineering design approach which integrates the urban water cycle, including stormwater, groundwater and wastewater management and water supply, into urban design to minimise environmental degradation and improve aesthetic and recreational appeal.〔BMT WBM 2009, ''Evaluating options for water sensitive urban design – a national guide: Prepared by the Joint Steering Committee for Water Sensitive Cities: In deliveriting Clause 92(ii) of the National Water Initiative'', Joint Steering Committee for Water Sensitive Cities (JSCWSC), Canberra, viewed 18 September 2011 <()>.〕 WSUD is a term used in the Middle East and Australia and is similar to low-impact development (LID), a term used in the United States; and sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS), a term used in the United Kingdom.
==Background==
Traditional urban and industrial development alters landscapes from permeable vegetated surfaces to a series of impervious interconnected surfaces resulting in large quantities of stormwater runoff, requiring management. Historically Australia, like other industrialised countries including the United States and United Kingdom, has treated stormwater runoff as a liability and nuisance endangering human health and property. This resulted in a strong focus on the design of stormwater management systems that rapidly convey stormwater runoff directly to streams with little or no focus on ecosystem preservation.〔Roy, AH, Wenger, SJ, Fletcher, TD, Walsh, CJ, Ladson, AR, Shuster, WD, Thurston, HW & Brown, RR 2008, 'Impediments and solutions to sustainable, watershed-scale urban stormwater management: Lessons from Australia and the United States', ''Environmental Management'', vol. 42, pp. 344–359.〕 This management approach results in what is referred to as urban stream syndrome.〔Walsh, CJ, Roy, AH, Feminella, JW, Cottingham, PD, Groffman, PM & Morgan, RP 2005, 'The Urban Stream Syndrome : Current knowledge and the search for a cure, ''Journal by The North American Benthological Society,'' vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 706–723.〕 Heavy rainfall flows rapidly into streams carrying pollutants and sediments washed off from impervious surfaces, resulting in streams carrying elevated concentrations of pollutants, nutrients and suspended solids. Increased peak flow also alters channel morphology and stability, further proliferating sedimentation and drastically reducing biotic richness.
Increased recognition of urban stream syndrome in the 1960s resulted in some movement towards holistic stormwater management in Australia.〔 Awareness increased greatly during the 1990s with the Federal government and scientists cooperating through the Cooperative Research Centre program.〔Brown, R & Clarke, J 2007 ''The transition towards water sensitive urban design: the story of Melbourne, Australia'', Report No. 07/01, Facility for Advancing Water Biofiltration, Monash University, Clayton, VIC.〕 Increasingly city planners have recognised the need for an integrated management approach to potable, waste and stormwater management,〔Donofrio, J, Kuhn, Y, McWalter, K, & Winsor, M. 2009, 'Water Sensitive Urban Design: An emerging model in sustainable design and comprehensive water cycle management', ''Environmental Practice'', vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 179–189.〕 to enable cities to adapt and become resilient to the pressure which population growth, urban densification and climate change places on ageing and increasingly expensive water infrastructure. Additionally, Australia's arid conditions means it is particularly vulnerable to climate change, which together with its reliance on surface water sources, combined with one of the most severe droughts (from 2000–2010) since European settlement, highlight the fact that major urban centres face increasing water shortages.〔 This has begun shifting the perception of stormwater runoff from strictly a liability and nuisance to that of having value as a water resource resulting in changing stormwater management practices.〔
Australian states, building on the federal government's foundational research in the 1990s, began releasing WSUD guidelines with Western Australia first releasing guidelines in 1994. Victoria released guidelines on the best practice environmental management of urban stormwater in 1999 (developed in consultation with New South Wales) and similar documents were released by Queensland through Brisbane City Council in 1999.〔 Cooperation between federal, state and territory governments to increase the efficiency of Australia's water use resulted in the National Water Initiative (NWI) signed in June 2004. The NWI is a comprehensive national strategy to improve water management across the country, encompasses a wide range of water management issues and encourages the adoption of best practice approaches to the management of water in Australia which include WSUD.〔Council of Australian Governments, 2009, ''Intergovernmental agreement on a national water initiative'', Council of Australian Governments, Canberra, viewed 18 September 2011, <()>.〕
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